Understanding Water Hammer: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Water hammer is a common but often misunderstood phenomenon in plumbing systems. ‘Water hammer’ refers to the loud banging noises in pipes, and if left unchecked, it can lead to significant damage. This comprehensive guide will answer common questions about water hammer, explain its effects, and provide practical solutions to mitigate the problem, including how Dutypoint can help in reducing the chances of water hammer occurring in your systems.

 

Article Guide:

What is Water Hammer?
What Causes Water Hammer?
Signs of Water Hammer
What Are the Effects of Water Hammer?
How to Fix Water Hammer
Preventing Water Hammer With Dutypoint
Frequently Asked Questions

 

What is Water Hammer?

Water hammer, also called hydraulic shock, happens when the flow of water in a pipe suddenly stops or changes direction. This sudden change creates a surge of pressure, like a wave, that moves through the pipes, causing a loud banging noise that sounds like hammering – hence the name! It usually occurs in systems where valves control the flow of water or steam. If this pressure surge is strong enough, it can cause damage to the pipes, fittings, or valves over time.

 

What Causes Water Hammer?

Understanding the causes of water hammer is essential for diagnosing and preventing water hammer, ensuring the longevity and safety of plumbing systems. The primary cause of water hammer is water suddenly stopping or changing direction in the pipes, which generates a shockwave, travelling through the piping system. There are a number of issues that can cause this disruption to water flow:

• Sudden Valve Closure: One of the most common causes of water hammer is the quick closure of a valve. When a valve is closed rapidly, it abruptly stops the flow of water, causing a pressure surge that manifests as a shockwave through the pipes. This is often observed in systems with quarter-turn valves or solenoid valves that close instantly.
• Pump Shutdown: When a pump in the system stops suddenly, the water flow reverses direction. This reversal can create a vacuum in the pipe, followed by a high-pressure shockwave as the flow resumes, leading to water hammer. This is particularly problematic in systems where pumps are frequently turned on and off.
• Non-Return Valve Issues: Non-return valves, or check valves, are designed to prevent backflow in a system. However, if these valves are installed incorrectly or become leaky, they can fail to maintain the necessary pressure in the downpipe. When the pump restarts, the sudden filling of the vacuum can cause a violent surge of water, resulting in water hammer.
• Air Pockets in the System: Trapped air in the pipes can be displaced suddenly by water flow, leading to a pressure surge. This situation is especially common in systems that have been filled too quickly or where air-relief valves are absent or malfunctioning. The sudden displacement of air creates a shockwave leading to water hammer.
• Fast-Acting Valves: Valves that close rapidly can cause a sudden stoppage of water flow. This rapid closure does not allow the water to decelerate gradually, leading to a shockwave and the subsequent water hammer.
• Vertical Pipe Runs: Vertical sections of piping, especially those connected to pumps, can contribute to water hammer. When water flows upward, any sudden change in flow rate can create a significant pressure differential, resulting in a shockwave that travels back through the system.
• Worn or Loose Stop Valves: Stop valves that are worn out or not securely fastened can rattle when the water flow creates a shockwave. This not only causes noise but can also exacerbate the effects of water hammer by allowing more movement within the system.

 

Signs of Water Hammer

While banging noises are a common symptom of water hammer, they are not always the only indicator. Other signs of water hammer can include:

• Vibration or shaking of pipes or fixtures.
• Leaks or dripping faucets.
• Damage to valves or pumps.

Unusual pressure fluctuations in the system. If you suspect water hammer, it’s recommended to consult with a plumbing professional for a proper diagnosis and to implement appropriate solutions.

 

What Are the Effects of Water Hammer?

While the noise associated with water hammer might seem like a minor annoyance, the effects can be far more serious. The impact force on the valves, caused by the momentum of the fluid, can create pressure spikes that may exceed ten times the working pressure of the system. These pressure spikes can cause several issues:

• Damage to Pipes: Repeated high-pressure shocks can weaken the walls of the pipes, leading to leaks, cracks, or even bursts. In severe cases, the entire pipeline could fail.
• Pump and Flow System Damage: Water hammer can cause significant damage to pumps, valves, and other components in the flow system. Over time, this can lead to the catastrophic failure of gasketed joints, expansion joints, and even the pipe walls.
• Leaks: The pressure surges can damage fittings, joints, and connections, resulting in leaks. These leaks may start small but can gradually worsen over time, leading to significant water damage.
• Ruptured Pipes: The most severe consequence of water hammer is ruptured pipes. This not only causes local pipeline failure but can also lead to extensive system damage, requiring major repairs or replacements.
• External Property Damage: Water hammer-induced leaks can damage electrical equipment and infrastructure, leading to costly repairs and potentially hazardous situations.
• Accidents: Pipeline ruptures can pose a serious risk to the safety of employees or residents, leading to accidents such as slips, falls, or even electrocution.
• Downtime and Maintenance Costs: The damage caused by water hammer often requires extensive maintenance and repair, leading to system downtime and increased operational costs.

 

How to Stop or Fix Water Hammer?

Water hammer can cause significant damage if left unaddressed, but there are several effective strategies to eliminate or reduce it. To effectively get rid of water hammer, consider the following steps:

• Secure Loose Pipes: Loose pipes can rattle and amplify the noise caused by water hammer. Securely fastening pipes to walls, floors, or other stable structures prevents movement and reduces the impact of shockwaves travelling through the system.
• Check for Entrapped Air: Air pockets trapped in the pipes can lead to pressure surges when water displaces the air suddenly. Installing air-relief valves at high points in the plumbing system allows trapped air to escape, maintaining smooth water flow and preventing water hammer.
• Reduce System Pressure: High water pressure increases the likelihood of water hammer. Installing a pressure regulator to lower the system’s pressure to a safe, steady level can significantly reduce the risk of sudden pressure surges.
• Install CSA Valves with Anti-Water Hammer Mechanism: CSA valves are a range of valves designed to control water pressure and flow through features like pressure relief, surge anticipation, air release, and slow-closing mechanisms. These valves gradually manage water flow and relieve excess pressure, reducing sudden changes that cause shockwaves, thereby preventing water hammer. Looking for CSA vales? View our full range of anti-water hammer CSA valves today.

 

How Dutypoint Can Help Prevent Water Hammer

Proactively preventing water hammer will avoid costly damage to pipes, valves, and fittings, reduce the risk of leaks and ruptures, and minimise downtime for repairs. Investing in a suitable high-quality pump system will ensure long-term system reliability, safety, and avoid the hassle of emergency fixes. At Dutypoint, we understand the challenges posed by water hammer and offer a number of solutions to prevent and resolve water hammer, including our range of CSA Valves with Anti-Water Hammer Mechanism:

• CSA Air Release Valve (Compact): Suited for sewage, stormwater and other wastewater applications, our CSA SCF-2 compact air release valve prevents water hammer in wastewater pipelines by automatically releasing trapped air, avoiding pressure build-up that can lead to shockwaves. Its optional anti-surge mechanism further controls pressure surges during pipeline filling, ensuring smooth operation and protecting wastewater systems from sudden pressure changes, preventing water hammer.
• CSA Air Release Valve (Heavy Duty): For larger and more demanding wastewater pipelines, our heavy-duty CSA SCF-RFP-D air release valve can prevent water hammer by using robust anti-hammer and anti-slam features that control pressure surges in wastewater pipelines. Its flanged design and durable construction manage air release effectively, minimising the risk of sudden pressure changes, ensuring system stability and protection.
• Surge Relief Valve: Our triple-function ProtectoRiSE surge relief valve prevents water hammer by 1) efficiently releasing excess air to avoid pressure build-up, 2) allowing air in to prevent vacuum formation, and 3) controlling air bleed to stabilise the system, all of which help prevent sudden pressure changes that can cause water hammer.
• Bespoke Pump Solutions: Dutypoint’s bespoke pump solutions feature advanced controls that manage flow rates, reducing sudden changes in water velocity. This minimises the pressure surges that cause water hammer, even in high-demand systems, ensuring smoother operation and protecting your plumbing infrastructure from damage.
• Expert Consultation: Our team of experts can assess your pump system and recommend the best practices and products to prevent water hammer. Whether it’s choosing the right valves or designing a system with optimal flow control, we’re here to help.
• 24-Month Warranty: Our Titanium 24 pump warranty and commissioning package ensures that your equipment is professionally installed and optimised for performance, reducing the risk of water hammer. With 24 months of comprehensive protection, you can have peace of mind and long-term reliability for your system.
• Comprehensive Assessment: Our experts can conduct a thorough assessment of existing water and pump systems, analysing the system’s components, operating conditions, and historical data to identify potential risks and recommend appropriate solutions to prevent water hammer.

Water hammer is more than just an annoying noise; it’s a potentially serious issue that can cause significant damage to your plumbing system. By understanding what causes water hammer and taking steps to prevent it, you can protect your system from costly repairs and downtime. Dutypoint offers the expertise, products, and services you need to minimise the risk of water hammer and ensure the longevity and reliability of your plumbing system. If you’re concerned about water hammer in your system, require advice or a consultation then contact our expert team today.

 

FAQs:

Can water hammer occur in industrial plumbing systems?
Yes, water hammer is common in industrial systems, particularly in wastewater, civil engineering, and M&E projects, where high-pressure flow changes are frequent.

Are there specific times when water hammer is more likely to occur?
Water hammer often occurs during pump shutdowns, sudden valve closures, or when fast-acting control systems are in use.

Can water hammer occur in older piping systems more frequently?
Older piping systems may be more susceptible to water hammer due to factors such as wear and tear, corrosion, and the presence of air pockets. These factors can contribute to sudden changes in water flow and increase the risk of pressure surges.

How do bespoke pump solutions address water hammer prevention?
Bespoke pump solutions often incorporate advanced controls that can manage flow rates and reduce sudden changes in water velocity. This helps to minimise the pressure surges that can cause water hammer, ensuring smoother operation and protecting the plumbing infrastructure.

How do CSA valves differ from traditional valves in preventing water hammer?
Unlike traditional valves, CSA valves are specifically designed to control water pressure and flow, incorporating features like pressure relief, surge anticipation, air release, and slow-closing mechanisms. These features help prevent the sudden changes that can result in water hammer.

Can CSA valves be used in all types of industrial piping systems?
CSA valves are versatile and can be used in a wide range of industrial piping systems, including those in wastewater treatment, chemical processing, and other applications. However, it’s essential to select the appropriate CSA valve based on the specific system requirements and operating conditions.

What are the maintenance requirements for CSA valves?
CSA valves generally require minimal maintenance. Regular inspections and cleaning can help ensure optimal performance and longevity. Specific maintenance recommendations may vary depending on the valve type and system conditions.

How do I choose the right anti-water hammer valve for a system?
Select based on system pressure, flow rate, and specific operational needs, considering factors like chemical resistance and durability. Our experts at Dutypoint are more than happy to advise on the best anti-hammer solutions, based on your industry and requirements.

Can Dutypoint provide an assessment of my existing system to identify potential water hammer risks?
Yes, Dutypoint can conduct a comprehensive assessment of your existing system to identify potential vulnerabilities and recommend appropriate solutions to prevent water hammer. Our experts can analyse the system’s components, operating conditions, and historical data to assess the risk of water hammer.